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United States congressional delegations from Arkansas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

refer to caption
Map of Arkansas' four congressional districts for the United States House of Representatives since 2023

Since Arkansas became a U.S. state in 1836, it has sent congressional delegations to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, beginning with the 25th United States Congress in 1837, with the exception of the Civil War period between the 37th United States Congress in 1861 and the 40th United States Congress in 1868, when Arkansas' congressional delegations were sent to the Confederate States Congress instead.[1][2] Before becoming a state, the Arkansas Territory elected a non-voting delegate at-large to Congress, beginning with the 16th United States Congress in 1819.[3] Each state elects two senators to serve for six years in general elections, with their re-election staggered. Prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were elected by the Arkansas General Assembly.[4] Each state elects a varying number of, but at least one,[5] member of the House, depending on population, to two-year terms.[6] Arkansas has sent four members to the House in each congressional delegation since the 1960 United States census.[7]

The current dean, or longest-serving member, of the Arkansas delegation is senator John Boozman, who has represented Arkansas in Congress since 2001. As a senator for 34 years, from 1942 to 1977, John L. McClellan was the longest-serving senator to represent Arkansas in Congress.[8]

Current delegation

[edit]
Current U.S. senators from Arkansas
Arkansas

CPVI (2022):[9]
R+16
Class II senator Class III senator

Tom Cotton
(Junior senator)
(Little Rock)
John Boozman
(Senior senator)
(Rogers)
Party Republican Republican
Incumbent since January 3, 2015 January 3, 2011

Arkansas's current congressional delegation in the 119th Congress consists of two senators and four representatives, all of whom are Republicans. The state has had four representatives in the House since 1963, following the 1960 census.[3] The current dean, or longest-serving member,[10] of the Arkansas delegation is Senator John Boozman, who has represented Arkansas in the Senate since 2011 and in Congress since 2001.[11]

The Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) is a measure of how strongly partisan a state is.[12] For each district or state, the CPVI measures the party leaning (Democratic or Republican) and the number of percentage points more partisan than the national average. For instance, a rating of R+4 would mean the district or state voted four percentage points more Republican than the national average, while a rating of D+9 would mean the district or state voted nine points more Democratic than the national average.[13] As of 2023, the CPVI rated all four districts in Arkansas as leaning Republican, with the 1st district, represented by Rick Crawford in the House, leaning most heavily at R+22,[14] and the 2022 CPVI gave Arkansas a R+16 rating as a whole.[9]

Current U.S. representatives from Arkansas
District Member
(Residence)[15] 		Party Incumbent since CPVI
(2025)[16] 		District map
1st
Rick Crawford
(Jonesboro) 		Republican January 3, 2011 R+23
2nd
French Hill
(Little Rock) 		Republican January 3, 2015 R+8
3rd
Steve Womack
(Rogers) 		Republican January 3, 2011 R+13
4th
Bruce Westerman
(Hot Springs) 		Republican January 3, 2015 R+20

United States Senate

[edit]
Main article: List of United States senators from Arkansas
refer to caption
Hattie Caraway, Arkansas senator who was the first woman to be elected to the United States Senate for a full term
refer to caption
John McClellan, the longest-serving senator from Arkansas, who chaired the Senate Committee on Government Operations and Senate Appropriations Committee during his 34 years in office
refer to caption
J. William Fulbright, Arkansas senator known for the Fulbright Program, his work as the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and his opposition to the civil rights movement

35 people have served as a U.S. senator from Arkansas, consisting of 33 men and two women, as well as 28 Democrats and 7 Republicans.[8] Two, William K. Sebastian and Charles B. Mitchel, were expelled from the Senate because of Arkansas' secession from the Union at the start of the American Civil War; Sebastian was the only senator from a Confederate state to later be reinstated, albeit posthumously.[17] After her husband's death in office, Hattie Caraway, became the first to be elected to a full term in the Senate after finishing his term.[18] The longest-serving senator from Arkansas, John L. McClellan, chaired many Senate committees during his 34 years in office, including the Senate Committee on Government Operations and the Senate Appropriations Committee.[8][19] For some time, he served with J. William Fulbright, known for the Fulbright Program, establishing an American student exchange program; his chairing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, resulting in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and Fulbright hearings; and his opposition to the civil rights movement.[20][21] Other senators from Arkansas also served in leadership roles in the Senate, including Joseph T. Robinson, who served as Senate Majority Leader,[22] and Ambrose Sevier and James P. Clarke, who both served as president pro tempore of the Senate.[2]

Senators are elected every six years depending on their class, with each senator serving a six-year term and elections for senators occurring every two years; the class up for re-election rotates such that each election, around one-third of the seats in the Senate are up for election.[23] Arkansas' senators are elected in classes II and III. Currently, Arkansas is represented in the Senate by Tom Cotton and John Boozman.[24]

  Democratic (D)   Jacksonian (J)   Republican (R)

Senators from Arkansas[25]
Class II senator Congress Class III senator
William S. Fulton (J) 24th (1835–1837) Ambrose H. Sevier (J)
William S. Fulton (D)[a] 25th (1837–1839) Ambrose H. Sevier (D)[b]
26th (1839–1841)
27th (1841–1843)
28th (1843–1845)
Chester Ashley (D)[c]
29th (1845–1847)
30th (1847–1849)
William K. Sebastian (D)[d] Solon Borland (D)[e]
31st (1849–1851)
32nd (1851–1853)
33rd (1853–1855)
Robert Ward Johnson (D)
34th (1855–1857)
35th (1857–1859)
36th (1859–1861)
37th (1861–1863) Charles B. Mitchel (D)[f]
vacant[g] vacant[g][h]
38th (1863–1865)
39th (1865–1867)
40th (1867–1869)
Alexander McDonald (R) Benjamin F. Rice (R)
41st (1869–1871)
Powell Clayton (R) 42nd (1871–1873)
43rd (1873–1875) Stephen W. Dorsey (R)
44th (1875–1877)
Augustus H. Garland (D)[i] 45th (1877–1879)
46th (1879–1881) James D. Walker (D)
47th (1881–1883)
48th (1883–1885)
49th (1885–1887) James K. Jones (D)
James H. Berry (D)
50th (1887–1889)
51st (1889–1891)
52nd (1891–1893)
53rd (1893–1895)
54th (1895–1897)
55th (1897–1899)
56th (1899–1901)
57th (1901–1903)
58th (1903–1905) James P. Clarke (D)[j]
59th (1905–1907)
Jeff Davis (D)[k] 60th (1907–1909)
61st (1909–1911)
62nd (1911–1913)
John N. Heiskell (D)[l]
William M. Kavanaugh (D)
Joseph T. Robinson (D)[m] 63rd (1913–1915)
64th (1915–1917)
William F. Kirby (D)
65th (1917–1919)
66th (1919–1921)
67th (1921–1923) Thaddeus H. Caraway (D)[n]
68th (1923–1925)
69th (1925–1927)
70th (1927–1929)
71st (1929–1931)
72nd (1931–1933)
Hattie Caraway (D)
73rd (1933–1935)
74th (1935–1937)
75th (1937–1939)
John E. Miller (D)[o]
76th (1939–1941)
77th (1941–1943)
Lloyd Spencer (D)
John L. McClellan (D)[p] 78th (1943–1945)
79th (1945–1947) J. William Fulbright (D)[q]
80th (1947–1949)
81st (1949–1951)
82nd (1951–1953)
83rd (1953–1955)
84th (1955–1957)
85th (1957–1959)
86th (1959–1961)
87th (1961–1963)
88th (1963–1965)
89th (1965–1967)
90th (1967–1969)
91st (1969–1971)
92nd (1971–1973)
93rd (1973–1975)
94th (1975–1977) Dale Bumpers (D)
95th (1977–1979)
Kaneaster Hodges Jr. (D)
David Pryor (D) 96th (1979–1981)
97th (1981–1983)
98th (1983–1985)
99th (1985–1987)
100th (1987–1989)
101st (1989–1991)
102nd (1991–1993)
103rd (1993–1995)
104th (1995–1997)
Tim Hutchinson (R) 105th (1997–1999)
106th (1999–2001) Blanche Lincoln (D)
107th (2001–2003)
Mark Pryor (D) 108th (2003–2005)
109th (2005–2007)
110th (2007–2009)
111th (2009–2011)
112th (2011–2013) John Boozman (R)
113th (2013–2015)
Tom Cotton (R) 114th (2015–2017)
115th (2017–2019)
116th (2019–2021)
117th (2021–2023)
118th (2023–2025)
119th (2025–2027)

United States House of Representatives

[edit]
Main article: List of United States representatives from Arkansas

1819–1836: 1 non-voting delegate

[edit]

The Arkansas Territory was created on July 4, 1819, and it sent a non-voting delegate to the House.[3]

Delegates to the House of Representatives from Arkansas Territory from 1819 to 1837[3]
Congress Delegate from
Territory's at-large district
16th (1819–1821) James Woodson Bates (I)
17th (1821–1823)
18th (1823–1825) Henry W. Conway (DR)[r]
19th (1825–1827)
20th (1827–1829)
Ambrose H. Sevier (J)
21st (1829–1831)
22nd (1831–1833)
23rd (1833–1835)
24th (1835–1837)

1836–1853: 1 seat

[edit]

Following statehood on June 15, 1836, Arkansas had one seat in the House.[3]

Members of the House of Representatives from Arkansas from 1835 to 1853[3]
Congress At-large district
24th (1835–1837) Archibald Yell (J)
25th (1837–1839) Archibald Yell (D)
26th (1839–1841) Edward Cross (D)
27th (1841–1843)
28th (1843–1845)
29th (1845–1847) Archibald Yell (D)[s]
Thomas Willoughby Newton (W)
30th (1847–1849) Robert Ward Johnson (D)
31st (1849–1851)
32nd (1851–1853)

1853–1863: 2 seats

[edit]

Following the 1850 census, Arkansas was apportioned two seats in the House.[3]

Members of the House of Representatives from Arkansas from 1853 to 1863[3]
Congress 1st district 2nd district
33rd (1853–1855) Alfred B.
Greenwood (D) 		Edward A. Warren (D)
34th (1855–1857) Albert Rust (D)
35th (1857–1859) Edward A. Warren (D)
36th (1859–1861) Thomas C. Hindman (D)[t] Albert Rust (D)
37th (1861–1863) vacant during the Civil War[u]

1863–1873: 3 seats

[edit]

Following the 1860 census, Arkansas was apportioned three seats.[3]

Members of the House of Representatives from Arkansas from 1863 to 1873[3]
Congress 1st district 2nd district 3rd district
38–39th (1863–1865) vacant during the Civil War
and Reconstruction[u][v]
40th (1867–1869)
Logan H. Roots (R) James M. Hinds (R)[w] Thomas Boles (R)
James T. Elliott (R)
41st (1869–1871) Anthony A. C. Rogers (D)
42nd (1871–1873) James M. Hanks (D) Oliver P. Snyder (R) John Edwards (LR)[x]
Thomas Boles (R)

1873–1883: 4 seats

[edit]

Following the 1870 census, Arkansas was apportioned four seats.[3]

Members of the House of Representatives from Arkansas from 1873 to 1883[3]
Congress 1st district 2nd district 3rd district At-large
43rd (1873–1875) Asa Hodges (R) Oliver P. Snyder (R) William W. Wilshire (R)[y] William J. Hynes (LR)
Thomas M. Gunter (D)
44th (1875–1877) Lucien C. Gause (D) William F. Slemons (D) William W. Wilshire (D) 4th district
Thomas M. Gunter (D)
45th (1877–1879) Jordan E. Cravens (D)
46th (1879–1881) Poindexter Dunn (D)
47th (1881–1883) James K. Jones (D)

1883–1893: 5 seats

[edit]

Following the 1880 census, Arkansas was apportioned five seats.

Congress 1st district 2nd district 3rd district 4th district At-large
48th (1883–1885) Poindexter Dunn (D) James K. Jones (D) John Henry Rogers (D) Samuel W. Peel (D) Clifton R. Breckinridge (D)
49th (1885–1887) Clifton R.
Breckinridge (D) 		vacant[z] John Henry Rogers (D) 5th district
Thomas C.
McRae (D) 		Samuel W. Peel (D)
50th (1887–1889)
51st (1889–1891) William H. Cate (D)
Lewis Featherstone (SL) vacant[aa]
Clifton R.
Breckinridge (D)
52nd (1891–1893) William H. Cate (D) William L. Terry (D)

1893–1903: 6 seats

[edit]

Following the 1890 census, Arkansas was apportioned six seats.[3]

Members of the House of Representatives from Arkansas from 1893 to 1903[3]
Congress 1st district 2nd district 3rd district 4th district 5th district 6th district
53rd (1893–1895) Philip D.
McCulloch Jr. (D) 		Clifton R.
Breckinridge (D)[ab] 		Thomas C.
McRae (D) 		William L. Terry (D) Hugh A. Dinsmore (D) Robert Neill (D)
John S. Little (D)
54th (1895–1897)
55th (1897–1899) Stephen
Brundidge Jr. (D)
56th (1899–1901)
57th (1901–1903) Charles C. Reid (D)

1903–1953: 7 seats

[edit]

Following the 1900 census, Arkansas was apportioned seven seats.[3]

Members of the House of Representatives from Arkansas from 1903 to 1953[3]
Congress 1st district 2nd district 3rd district 4th district 5th district 6th district 7th district
58th (1903–1905) Robert B. Macon (D) Stephen
Brundidge Jr. (D) 		Hugh A. Dinsmore (D) John S. Little (D) Charles C. Reid (D) Joseph T.
Robinson (D)[ac] 		Robert M.
Wallace (D)
59th (1905–1907) John C. Floyd (D)
60th (1907–1909) William B.
Cravens (D)
61st (1909–1911) William A.
Oldfield (D)[ad]
62nd (1911–1913) Henderson M.
Jacoway (D) 		William S.
Goodwin (D)
Samuel M. Taylor (D)[ae]
63rd (1913–1915) Thaddeus H.
Caraway (D) 		Otis Wingo (D)[af]
64th (1915–1917) John N. Tillman (D)
65th (1917–1919)
66th (1919–1921)
67th (1921–1923) William J. Driver (D) Tilman B. Parks (D)
Chester W. Taylor (D)
68th (1923–1925) Heartsill Ragon (D)[ag] Lewis E. Sawyer (D)[ah]
James B. Reed (D)
69th (1925–1927)
70th (1927–1929)
Pearl P.
Oldfield (D)[ai]
71st (1929–1931) Claude A. Fuller (D) D. D. Glover (D)
Effiegene Wingo (D)
72nd (1931–1933) John E. Miller (D)
73rd (1933–1935) William B.
Cravens (D)[aj]
David D. Terry (D)
74th (1935–1937) John L. McClellan (D)
75th (1937–1939) Wade H.
Kitchens (D)
76th (1939–1941) Ezekiel C.
Gathings (D) 		Wilbur Mills (D) Clyde T. Ellis (D) William F. Norrell (D)
William Fadjo
Cravens (D)
77th (1941–1943) Oren Harris (D)
78th (1943–1945) J. William Fulbright (D) Brooks Hays (D)
79th (1945–1947) James William
Trimble (D)
80th (1947–1949)
81st (1949–1951) Boyd Tackett (D)
82nd (1951–1953)

1953–1963: 6 seats

[edit]

Following the 1950 census, Arkansas was apportioned six seats.[7]

Members of the House of Representatives from Arkansas from 1953 to 1963[3]
Congress 1st district 2nd district 3rd district 4th district 5th district 6th district
83rd (1953–1955) Ezekiel C. Gathings (D) Wilbur Mills (D) James William
Trimble (D) 		Oren Harris (D) Brooks Hays (D) William F. Norrell (D)[ak]
84th (1955–1957)
85th (1957–1959)
86th (1959–1961) Dale Alford (D)
87th (1961–1963)
Catherine D. Norrell (D)

1963–present: 4 seats

[edit]

Since the 1960 census, Arkansas has been apportioned four seats.[7]

Members of the House of Representatives from Arkansas from 1963 to present[3]
Congress 1st district 2nd district 3rd district 4th district
88th (1963–1965) Ezekiel C. Gathings (D) Wilbur Mills (D) James William
Trimble (D) 		Oren Harris (D)[al]
89th (1965–1967)
David Pryor (D)
90th (1967–1969) John Paul
Hammerschmidt (R)
91st (1969–1971) Bill Alexander (D)
92nd (1971–1973)
93rd (1973–1975) Ray Thornton (D)
94th (1975–1977)
95th (1977–1979) Jim Guy Tucker (D)
96th (1979–1981) Ed Bethune (R) Beryl Anthony Jr. (D)
97th (1981–1983)
98th (1983–1985)
99th (1985–1987) Tommy F. Robinson (D)
100th (1987–1989)
101st (1989–1991)
Tommy F. Robinson (R)
102nd (1991–1993) Ray Thornton (D)
103rd (1993–1995) Blanche Lincoln (D) Tim Hutchinson (R) Jay Dickey (R)
104th (1995–1997)
105th (1997–1999) Marion Berry (D) Vic Snyder (D) Asa Hutchinson (R)[am]
106th (1999–2001)
107th (2001–2003) Mike Ross (D)
John Boozman (R)
108th (2003–2005)
109th (2005–2007)
110th (2007–2009)
111th (2009–2011)
112th (2011–2013) Rick Crawford (R) Tim Griffin (R) Steve Womack (R)
113th (2013–2015) Tom Cotton (R)
114th (2015–2017) French Hill (R) Bruce Westerman (R)
115th (2017–2019)
116th (2019–2021)
117th (2021–2023)
118th (2023–2025)
119th (2025–2027)

Key

[edit]
Democratic (D)
Democratic-Republican (DR)
Jacksonian (J)
Liberal Republican (LR)
Republican (R)
Socialist Labor (SL)
Whig (W)
Independent (I)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Senator Fulton died on August 15, 1844, while in office.[26]
  2. ^ Senator Sevier resigned in 1848, while in office, after being appointed as an American commissioner in the ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.[27][28]
  3. ^ Senator Ashley died on April 29, 1848, while in office.[29]
  4. ^ Senator Sebastian was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861, on account of Arkansas' secession from the Union. He was the only senator from a Confederate state to later be symbolically reinstated, albeit posthumously, in 1877.[17]
  5. ^ Senator Borland was appointed by Arkansas governor Thomas S. Drew to the seat vacated by Sevier on March 30, 1848.[30] He resigned from the Senate on April 11, 1853,[31] to serve as a minister to Central America.[30][32]
  6. ^ Senator Mitchel was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861, on account of Arkansas' secession from the Union.[17]
  7. ^ a b From secession to readmission to the Union, Arkansas did not participate in the Senate.[2] Congressional representation from Arkansas was instead sent to the Confederate States Congress.[1]
  8. ^ Augustus Hill Garland presented credentials as a senator-elect to the 40th United States Congress in 1867 but was not permitted to serve.[33]
  9. ^ Senator Garland served in the Senate until 1885, when president Grover Cleveland appointed him to serve as Attorney General.[2][33]
  10. ^ Senator Clarke died on October 1, 1916, while serving in office and as the president pro tempore of the Senate.[34]
  11. ^ Senator Davis died in on January 2, 1913, while in office.[35]
  12. ^ Heiskell was appointed by Arkansas governor George Washington Donaghey to the seat vacated by Davis, and served until Senator Kavanaugh was elected to the seat by the Arkansas General Assembly.[35]
  13. ^ Senator Robinson died on July 14, 1937, while serving as Senate Majority Leader.[22]
  14. ^ Senator Caraway died on November 6, 1931, while in office.[18]
  15. ^ Senator Miller resigned on March 31, 1941, to serve as a judge on the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas.[36]
  16. ^ Senator McClellan died on November 28, 1977, while in office.[37]
  17. ^ Senator Fulbright resigned from the Senate on December 31, 1974.[38]
  18. ^ Representative Conway died on November 9, 1827, while in office.[39]
  19. ^ Representative Yell left fought in the Mexican-American War without resigning, and was killed in the Battle of Buena Vista on February 22, 1847, while in office.[40]
  20. ^ Representative Hindman was re-elected to the 37th Congress, but chose not to take his seat. He resigned from Congress upon Arkansas' secession from the Union.[41]
  21. ^ a b Arkansas' House seats were vacant during the 37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses.[3] Congressional representation was instead sent to the Confederate States Congress.[1]
  22. ^ James M. Johnson, T. M. Jacks, and Anthony A. C. Rogers were elected to the 38th Congress but were not permitted to serve because Arkansas had not yet been re-admitted to the Union.[3]
  23. ^ Representative Hinds was assassinated on October 22, 1868, while in office.[42]
  24. ^ Representative Edwards served in Congress until February 9, 1872, when his opponent, Thomas Boles, successfully challenged the election.[43]
  25. ^ Representative Wilshire served until Representative Thomas M. Gunter successfully challenged the election on June 17, 1874.[44]
  26. ^ McRae was elected to fill the vacancy caused by James K. Jones, who had been elected to the next term, but resigned before this Congress.
  27. ^ Breckinridge was initially declared elected to the 51st United States Congress and took his seat. John M. Clayton eventually won a contest before the U.S. House, but died before the contest was complete, so the House declared the seat vacant. Breckinridge was then re-elected to finish the term.
  28. ^ Representative Breckinridge resigned from the House on August 14, 1894, having been appointed Minister to Russia.[45]
  29. ^ Representative Robinson resigned his seat in the House on January 14, 1913, having been elected governor of Arkansas.[46]
  30. ^ Representative Oldfield died on November 19, 1928, while in office.[47]
  31. ^ Representative Taylor died on September 13, 1921, while in office.[48]
  32. ^ Representative Wingo died on October 21, 1930, while in office.[49]
  33. ^ Representative Ragon resigned from the House on June 15, 1933, having been appointed a judge on the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas.[50]
  34. ^ Representative Sawyer died on May 5, 1923, while in office.[51]
  35. ^ Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the previous representative's death before the term began.[52]
  36. ^ Representative Cravens died on January 13, 1939, while in office.[53]
  37. ^ Representative Norrell died on February 15, 1964, while in office.[54]
  38. ^ Representative Harris resigned from the House to become a judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas and United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas on February 2, 1966.[55]
  39. ^ Representative Hutchinson resigned from the House to serve as the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration on August 6, 2001.[56][57]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Woods, James M. (1979). "Devotees and Dissenters: Arkansans in the Confederate Congress, 1861–1865". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 38 (3): 227–247. doi:10.2307/40023975. ISSN 0004-1823. JSTOR 40023975. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d "States in the Senate | Arkansas Timeline". United States Senate. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Biographical directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: the Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, and the Congress of the United States, from the First through the One Hundred Eighth Congresses, March 4, 1789, to January 3, 2005, inclusive (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 2005. p. 54. ISBN 0-16-073176-3. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
  4. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913) | National Archives". National Archives. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. September 15, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
  5. ^ Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution of United States (1787)
  6. ^ "Congressional elections and midterm elections". USA.gov. Archived from the original on April 6, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c "Historical Apportionment Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. April 26, 2021. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  8. ^ a b c Roberts, Adam (September 15, 2020). "History of Arkansas' US Senators". KHBS. Arkansas Hearst Television. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  9. ^ a b "2022 Cook PVI℠: State Map and List". Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
  10. ^ Schoenberg, Shira (June 28, 2013). "Springfield's Richard Neal will be the next dean of Massachusetts' congressional delegation". MassLive. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
  11. ^ Hebda, Dwain (January 15, 2025). "Senior Statesman: Sen. John Boozman Talks New Administration, New Challenges and The Mandate". Arkansas Money and Politics. AY Media Group. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
  12. ^ Paul, Megan; Zhang, Ruya; Liu, Bian; Saadai, Payam; Coakley, Brian A. (January 2022). "State-level political partisanship strongly correlates with health outcomes for US children". European Journal of Pediatrics. 181 (1): 273–280. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04203-y. PMID 34272984. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
  13. ^ "The Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)". Cook Political Report. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
  14. ^ "2023 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (118th Congress)". Cook Political Report. April 5, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
  15. ^ "Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives". clerk.house.gov. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
  16. ^ "2025 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved April 4, 2025.
  17. ^ a b c Butler, Anne M.; Wolff, Wendy. "36". United States Senate election, expulsion, and censure cases, 1793–1990. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
  18. ^ a b Ledbetter, Calvin R. (2005). "The Other Caraway: Senator Thaddeus H. Caraway". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 64 (2): 123–145. doi:10.2307/40031056. ISSN 0004-1823. JSTOR 40031056. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
  19. ^ "John Little McClellan". The Washington Post. November 28, 1977. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
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